Dry eye syndrome (DES) develops when your eyes do not produce enough tears to keep the surface of the eye lubricated, causing symptoms that vary from person to person. This can result from reduced tear production or increased evaporation due to a lack of oil from the eyelid glands. The effects can range from minor dryness and discomfort to pain, blurred vision, and frequent infections.
Dry Eye Symptoms
Symptoms of dry eye syndrome can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but can include:
- Dry, itchy eyes
- Burning or stinging
- Irritation
- Watery eyes
- Blurred vision
- Pain
- Foreign body sensation
Tears maintain corneal health by washing away debris and keeping the eye’s surface moist, smooth, and clear. Tears also rinse away dust and contain enzymes that protect against infection. Dry eye is a condition that develops when tear production is not sufficient to maintain moisture. This can cause a scratchy feeling, dryness, stinging, and a foreign body sensation. Ironically, dry eye can trigger excessive tearing, which leads to watery eyes.
Dry Eye Causes
Dry eyes can occur naturally as a result of aging or hormonal changes, typically in women who are pregnant, taking oral contraceptives, or going through menopause. In fact, women over 50 have a 50% greater risk of dry eye disease than men do of the same age. It can also result from taking certain medications that reduce tear production, such as antihistamines, blood pressure medications and antidepressants. Environmental factors can also dry out the eyes, and DED is more common in dry, dusty, and windy climates. Air conditioning, heating systems, and prolonged screen time can dry out the eyes and worsen symptoms due to reduced blinking.
Individuals who have conditions such as diabetes, blepharitis, lupus, arthritis, and thyroid disorders are more likely to develop DED. Other causes include eye surgery such as LASIK, incomplete eyelid closure, or extended contact lens use.